11. INCOME TAXES

The income tax expense consists of the following:

SCHEDULE OF INCOME TAX EXPENSE

The income tax expense using the statutory U.S. federal tax rate of 21% is reconciled to the Company’s effective tax rate as follows:

SCHEDULE OF EFFECTIVE INCOME TAX RATE RECONCILIATION

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and the amounts used for tax purposes. Major components of deferred tax assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were:

SUMMARY OF MAJOR COMPONENTS OF DEFERRED TAX ASSETS

As of December 31, 2022, the Company has U.S. federal and state net operating loss carryovers of approximately $31.0 million, which will expire at various dates beginning in 2031 through 2036 if not utilized, with the exception of loss carryovers generated in tax years after 2017. As described in Note 2, approximately $7.2 million of these net operating loss carryovers are subject to limitations by section 382 of the IRC. As a result of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“TCJA”), net operating losses generated in 2018 and beyond have indefinite lives. In accordance with Section 382 of the internal revenue code, deductibility of the Company’s U.S. net operating loss carryovers may be subject to an annual limitation in the event of a change of control as defined under the Section 382 regulations. Quarterly ownership changes for the past three years were analyzed, and it was determined that there was no change of control as of December 31, 2022.

In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. After consideration of all of the information available, management believes that significant uncertainty exists with respect to future realization of the deferred tax assets and has therefore established a full valuation allowance. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the change in valuation allowance was approximately $2.2 million and $(0.6) million, respectively.

The Company evaluated the provisions of ASC 740 related to the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the financial statements. ASC 740 prescribes a comprehensive model for how a company should recognize, present, and disclose uncertain positions that the company has taken or expects to take in its return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. Differences between two positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the benefit recognized and measured pursuant to the interpretation are referred to as “unrecognized benefits”. A liability is recognized for an unrecognized tax benefit because it represents an enterprise’s potential future obligation to the taxing-authority for a tax position that was not recognized as a result of applying the provisions of ASC 740.

Interest related to uncertain tax positions are required to be calculated, if applicable, and would be classified as “interest expense” in the consolidated statements of operations. Penalties would be recognized as a component of “general and administrative expenses.” For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, no interest or penalties were required to be reported.

The Company previously did not record a provision for taxes on undistributed foreign earnings, based on an intention and ability to permanently reinvest the earnings of its foreign subsidiaries in those operations. Under the TCJA, the Company has re-assessed its strategies by evaluating the impact of the TCJA on its operations. As a result of the TCJA, the Company analyzed if a liability needed to be recorded for the deemed repatriation of undistributed earnings. It was determined that there is no outstanding liability associated with this based on overall negative undistributed earnings (accumulated deficit) in the consolidated foreign group.

During the 2018 fiscal year, numerous provisions of the TCJA went into effect. The Company evaluated these provisions and incorporated the estimated impact in the 2018 income tax expense. These provisions include, but are not limited to, reductions in the corporate income tax rate with regard to current income taxes, limitations with regard to interest expense under IRC §163(j) that disallows a portion of interest expense but is carried forward with no future expiration, changes to the deductibility of meals and entertainment, changes to bonus depreciation and a reduced tax rate on foreign export sales.

An additional provision of the TJCA is the implementation of the Global Intangible-Low Taxed Income Tax, or “GILTI”. The Company has elected to account for the impact of GILTI in the period in which the tax actually applies to the Company. During fiscal 2019, the Company incurred $0.2 million of additional taxable income as a result of this provision. This increase of taxable income was incorporated into the overall net operating loss and valuation. Due to foreign losses in 2021, and with no foreign activity in 2022, the impact of GILTI on taxable income is nil.